Homework 1

Due at 11:59:59 pm on 09/12/2019.

Instructions

Download hw01.zip. Inside the archive, you will find starter files for the questions in this homework, along with a copy of the OK autograder.

Submission: When you are done, submit with python3 ok --submit. You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the final submission will be scored. Check that you have successfully submitted your code on okpy.org. See this article for more instructions on okpy and submitting assignments.

Readings: This homework relies on following references:

• Section 1.2
• Section 1.3
• Section 1.5

To submit: run ok with the --submit option:

python3 ok --submit

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Review from lab

Division

Let's compare the different division-related operators in Python:

>>> 1 / 5
0.2

>>> 25 / 4
6.25

>>> 5 / 0
ZeroDivisionError

>>> 1 // 5
0

>>> 25 // 4
6

>>> 5 // 0
ZeroDivisionError

>>> 1 % 5
1

>>> 25 % 4
1

>>> 5 % 0
ZeroDivisionError

Note that floor division and modulo both return an integer while true division always returns a floating point number.

One useful technique involving the % operator is to check whether a number x is divisible by another number y:

x % y == 0

For example, in order to check if x is an even number:

x % 2 == 0

Floats and precedence

Floating point numbers (floats) behave a lot like real numbers. You can identify a float by the decimal point. All floats have decimal points. To write a floating point number (as a literal) you must add a decimal point!

>>> 3.141592
3.141592
>>> 2*3.141592 # you can mix ints and floats 
6.283184
>>> pie = 3.141592 # you can assign values to variables
>>> pie
3.141592
>>> pie/pie
1.0
>>> pie/pie == 1 # a float can be equal in value to an int
True
>>> from math import pi   # here is a better pi
>>> pi
3.141592653589793
>>> 5.0/3.0  # this is division of floats, not ints
1.6666666666666667
>>> 2**(1/2) # square root - isn't that transcendental?
1.4142135623730951

Expressions follow operator precedence (just like in math). Operations are performed one at a time in a specific order. Parenthesis are used to specify order (again, just like in math - remember PEMDAS?).

>>> 2 + 3 - 4 + 5   # equal precedence, left to right
6
>>> 2 + 3 - (4 + 5) # order matters - parentheses are your friend
-4
>>> (((2 + 3) - 4) + 5) # explicit order of the first example
6
>>> 2 + 3 * 4   # * and / bind more tightly than + or - 
14
>>> 2 + (3 * 4) 
14
>>> (2 + 3) * 4  
20
>>> 2 + 3 / 4 * 5  # what about * and / ?
5.75

An expression can have multiple return values, called a tuple:

>>> 2, 3
(2, 3)
>>> x, y = 1, pi
>>> y
3.141592653589793

Strings

It is very useful to be able to write programs that operate on strings, not just numbers. Without strings, web browsers and word processors would be like the matrix! Just as with ints, floats, and booleans, strings are a data type and have certain operators defined on them:

>>> 'cal'           # a string literal is a sequence of characters in quotes
'cal'
>>> "rocks"         # either kind of quote, but they need to match
'rocks'
>>> "cal" + "rocks"   # + is concatenation
'calrocks'
>>> 'cal' * 3         # * is replication
'calcalcal'
>>> 'cal' == "cal"  # equality is if they are the same string (notice the single and double quotes)
True
>>> 'Cal' == 'cal'  # case sensitive
False
>>> 'Cal' < 'cal'   # lexicographic ordering, with upper before lower case
True
>>> 'you' is not 'me'
True

Problems

Question 1: Oddly we go

Define odd, which takes an integer and returns whether it is odd. Your solution will look like return <expression>.

 def odd(number):
     """Return whether the number is odd.

     >>> odd(2)
     False
     >>> odd(5)
     True
     """
     "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q odd

Question 2: Distance

Implement a function called distance(x1, y1, x2, y2) where:

• x1 and y1 form an x-y coordinate pair
• x2 and y2 form an x-y coordinate pair

distance returns the Euclidean distance between the two points. Use the following formula:

from math import sqrt

def distance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
    """Calculates the Euclidian distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)

    >>> distance(1, 1, 1, 2)
    1.0
    >>> distance(1, 3, 1, 1)
    2.0
    >>> distance(1, 2, 3, 4)
    2.8284271247461903
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q distance

Question 3: Distance (3-D)

Now, let us edit this program to get the distance between two 3-dimensional coordinates. Your distance3d function should take six arguments and compute the following:

def distance3d(x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2):
    """Calculates the 3D Euclidian distance between two points (x1, y1, z1) and
    (x2, y2, z2).

    >>> distance3d(1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1)
    1.0
    >>> distance3d(2, 3, 5, 5, 8, 3)
    6.164414002968976
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q distance3d

Question 4: Diff

Implement a function diff that takes as input three integers x, y, and z. It should return whether subtracting one of these numbers from another gives the third.

def diff(x, y, z):
    """Return whether one argument is the difference between the other two.

    x, y, and z are all integers.

    >>> diff(5, 3, 2) # 5 - 3 is 2
    True
    >>> diff(2, 3, 5) # 5 - 3 is 2
    True
    >>> diff(2, 5, 3) # 5 - 3 is 2
    True
    >>> diff(-2, 3, 5) # 3 - 5 is -2
    True
    >>> diff(-5, -3, -2) # -5 - -2 is -3
    True
    >>> diff(-2, 3, -5) # -2 - 3 is -5
    True
    >>> diff(2, 3, -5)
    False
    >>> diff(10, 6, 4)
    True
    >>> diff(10, 6, 3)
    False


    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q diff

Question 5: Add absolute

We've seen that we can name a value by assigning it to a variable. Functions are objects too. Try typing the name of a function you have defined or imported into the python interpreter. Try importing a function as in below.
Try assigning it, e.g., >>> funfun = add. Try calling this. What is its type?

Fill in the blanks in the following function definition for adding a to the absolute value of b, without calling abs or defining any new functions.

Hint: Look at the top line.

from operator import add, sub

def a_plus_abs_b(a, b):
    """Return a+abs(b), but without calling abs.

    >>> a_plus_abs_b(2, 3)
    5
    >>> a_plus_abs_b(2, -3)
    5
    """
    if b < 0:
        f = _____
    else:
        f = _____
    return f(a, b) # You can replace this line, but don't have to.

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q a_plus_abs_b

Question 6: Quadratic Formula

Complete the function that returns both roots of a quadratic polynomial using the quadratic formula. Your solution must call the sqrt function exactly once.

from math import sqrt

def quadratic(a,b,c):
    """
    >>> quadratic(1,0,-1)
    (-1.0, 1.0)
    >>> quadratic(1,2,1)
    (-1.0, -1.0)
    >>> quadratic(1,3,-4)
    (-4.0, 1.0)
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q quadratic