class Transaction:
    def __init__(self, id, before, after):
        self.id = id
        self.before = before
        self.after = after

    def changed(self):
        """Return whether the transaction resulted in a changed balance."""
        "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

    def report(self):
        """Return a string describing the transaction.

        >>> Transaction(3, 20, 10).report()
        '3: decreased 20->10'
        >>> Transaction(4, 20, 50).report()
        '4: increased 20->50'
        >>> Transaction(5, 50, 50).report()
        '5: no change'
        """
        msg = 'no change'
        if self.changed():
            "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
        return str(self.id) + ': ' + msg

class BankAccount:
    """A bank account that tracks its transaction history.

    >>> a = BankAccount('Eric')
    >>> a.deposit(100)    # Transaction 0 for a
    100
    >>> b = BankAccount('Erica')
    >>> a.withdraw(30)    # Transaction 1 for a
    70
    >>> a.deposit(10)     # Transaction 2 for a
    80
    >>> b.deposit(50)     # Transaction 0 for b
    50
    >>> b.withdraw(10)    # Transaction 1 for b
    40
    >>> a.withdraw(100)   # Transaction 3 for a
    'Insufficient funds'
    >>> len(a.transactions)
    4
    >>> len([t for t in a.transactions if t.changed()])
    3
    >>> for t in a.transactions:
    ...     print(t.report())
    0: increased 0->100
    1: decreased 100->70
    2: increased 70->80
    3: no change
    >>> b.withdraw(100)   # Transaction 2 for b
    'Insufficient funds'
    >>> b.withdraw(30)    # Transaction 3 for b
    10
    >>> for t in b.transactions:
    ...     print(t.report())
    0: increased 0->50
    1: decreased 50->40
    2: no change
    3: decreased 40->10
    """

    # *** YOU NEED TO MAKE CHANGES IN SEVERAL PLACES IN THIS CLASS ***

    def __init__(self, account_holder):
        self.balance = 0
        self.holder = account_holder

    def deposit(self, amount):
        """Increase the account balance by amount, add the deposit
        to the transaction history, and return the new balance.
        """
        self.balance = self.balance + amount
        return self.balance

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        """Decrease the account balance by amount, add the withdraw
        to the transaction history, and return the new balance.
        """
        if amount > self.balance:
            return 'Insufficient funds'
        self.balance = self.balance - amount
        return self.balance

class Mint:
    """A mint creates coins by stamping on years.

    The update method sets the mint's stamp to Mint.present_year.

    >>> mint = Mint()
    >>> mint.year
    2024
    >>> dime = mint.create(Dime)
    >>> dime.year
    2024
    >>> Mint.present_year = 2104  # Time passes
    >>> nickel = mint.create(Nickel)
    >>> nickel.year     # The mint has not updated its stamp yet
    2024
    >>> nickel.worth()  # 5 cents + (80 - 50 years)
    35
    >>> mint.update()   # The mint's year is updated to 2102
    >>> Mint.present_year = 2179     # More time passes
    >>> mint.create(Dime).worth()    # 10 cents + (75 - 50 years)
    35
    >>> Mint().create(Dime).worth()  # A new mint has the current year
    10
    >>> dime.worth()     # 10 cents + (155 - 50 years)
    115
    >>> Dime.cents = 20  # Upgrade all dimes!
    >>> dime.worth()     # 20 cents + (155 - 50 years)
    125
    """
    present_year = 2024

    def __init__(self):
        self.update()

    def create(self, coin):
        "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

    def update(self):
        "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

class Coin:
    cents = None # will be provided by subclasses, but not by Coin itself

    def __init__(self, year):
        self.year = year

    def worth(self):
        "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"

class Nickel(Coin):
    cents = 5

class Dime(Coin):
    cents = 10