Lab 7 Solutions

lab07.zip

Solution Files

Required Questions

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Object-Oriented Programming

Here's a refresher on Object-Oriented Programming. It's okay to skip directly to the questions and refer back here if you get stuck.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) uses objects and classes to organize programs. Here's an example of a class:

class Car:
    max_tires = 4

    def __init__(self, color):
        self.tires = Car.max_tires
        self.color = color

    def drive(self):
        if self.tires < Car.max_tires:
            return self.color + ' car cannot drive!'
        return self.color + ' car goes vroom!'

    def pop_tire(self):
        if self.tires > 0:
            self.tires -= 1

Class: The type of an object. The Car class (shown above) describes the characteristics of all Car objects.

Object: A single instance of a class. In Python, a new object is created by calling a class.

>>> ferrari = Car('red')

Here, ferrari is a name bound to a Car object.

Class attribute: A variable that belongs to a class and is accessed via dot notation. The Car class has a max_tires attribute.

>>> Car.max_tires
4

Instance attribute: A variable that belongs to a particular object. Each Car object has a tires attribute and a color attribute. Like class attributes, instance attributes are accessed via dot notation.

>>> ferrari.color
'red'
>>> ferrari.tires
4
>>> ferrari.color = 'green'
>>> ferrari.color
'green'

Method: A function that belongs to an object and is called via dot notation. By convention, the first parameter of a method is self.

When one of an object's methods is called, the object is implicitly provided as the argument for self. For example, the drive method of the ferrari object is called with empty parentheses because self is implicitly bound to the ferrari object.

>>> ferrari = Car('red')
>>> ferrari.drive()
'red car goes vroom!'

We can also call the original Car.drive function. The original function does not belong to any particular Car object, so we must provide an explicit argument for self.

>>> ferrari = Car('red')
>>> Car.drive(ferrari)
'red car goes vroom!'

__init__: A special function that is called automatically when a new instance of a class is created.

Notice how the drive method takes in self as an argument, but it looks like we didn't pass one in! This is because the dot notation implicitly passes in ferrari as self for us. So in this example, self is bound to the object called ferrari in the global frame.

To evaluate the expression Car('red'), Python creates a new Car object. Then, Python calls the __init__ function of the Car class with self bound to the new object and color bound to 'red'.

Q1: Bank Account

Extend the BankAccount class to include a transactions attribute. This attribute should be a list that keeps track of each transaction made on the account. Whenever the deposit or withdraw method is called, a new Transaction instance should be created and added to the list, even if the action is not successful.

The Transaction class should have the following attributes:

before: The account balance before the transaction.
after: The account balance after the transaction.
id: The transaction ID, which is the number of previous transactions (deposits or withdrawals) made on that account. The transaction IDs for a specific BankAccount instance must be unique, but this id does not need to be unique across all accounts. In other words, you only need to ensure that no two Transaction objects made by the same BankAccount have the same id.

In addition, the Transaction class should have the following methods:

changed(): Returns True if the balance changed (i.e., before is different from after), otherwise returns False.
report(): Returns a string describing the transaction. The string should start with the transaction ID and describe the change in balance. Take a look at the doctests for the expected output.

class Transaction:
    def __init__(self, id, before, after):
        self.id = id
        self.before = before
        self.after = after

    def changed(self):
        """Return whether the transaction resulted in a changed balance."""
        return self.before != self.after
    def report(self):
        """Return a string describing the transaction.

        >>> Transaction(3, 20, 10).report()
        '3: decreased 20->10'
        >>> Transaction(4, 20, 50).report()
        '4: increased 20->50'
        >>> Transaction(5, 50, 50).report()
        '5: no change'
        """
        msg = 'no change'
        if self.changed():
            if self.after < self.before:
                verb = 'decreased'
            else:
                verb = 'increased'
            msg = verb + ' ' + str(self.before) + '->' + str(self.after)        return str(self.id) + ': ' + msg

class BankAccount:
    """A bank account that tracks its transaction history.

    >>> a = BankAccount('Eric')
    >>> a.deposit(100)    # Transaction 0 for a
    100
    >>> b = BankAccount('Erica')
    >>> a.withdraw(30)    # Transaction 1 for a
    70
    >>> a.deposit(10)     # Transaction 2 for a
    80
    >>> b.deposit(50)     # Transaction 0 for b
    50
    >>> b.withdraw(10)    # Transaction 1 for b
    40
    >>> a.withdraw(100)   # Transaction 3 for a
    'Insufficient funds'
    >>> len(a.transactions)
    4
    >>> len([t for t in a.transactions if t.changed()])
    3
    >>> for t in a.transactions:
    ...     print(t.report())
    0: increased 0->100
    1: decreased 100->70
    2: increased 70->80
    3: no change
    >>> b.withdraw(100)   # Transaction 2 for b
    'Insufficient funds'
    >>> b.withdraw(30)    # Transaction 3 for b
    10
    >>> for t in b.transactions:
    ...     print(t.report())
    0: increased 0->50
    1: decreased 50->40
    2: no change
    3: decreased 40->10
    """

    # *** YOU NEED TO MAKE CHANGES IN SEVERAL PLACES IN THIS CLASS ***
    def next_id(self):
        # There are many ways to implement this counter, such as using an instance
        # attribute to track the next ID.
        return len(self.transactions)
    def __init__(self, account_holder):
        self.balance = 0
        self.holder = account_holder
        self.transactions = []
    def deposit(self, amount):
        """Increase the account balance by amount, add the deposit
        to the transaction history, and return the new balance.
        """
        self.transactions.append(Transaction(self.next_id(), self.balance, self.balance + amount))        self.balance = self.balance + amount
        return self.balance

    def withdraw(self, amount):
        """Decrease the account balance by amount, add the withdraw
        to the transaction history, and return the new balance.
        """
        if amount > self.balance:
            self.transactions.append(Transaction(self.next_id(), self.balance, self.balance))            return 'Insufficient funds'
        self.transactions.append(Transaction(self.next_id(), self.balance, self.balance - amount))        self.balance = self.balance - amount
        return self.balance

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q BankAccount

Q2: Mint

A mint is a place where coins are made. In this question, you'll implement a Mint class that can output a Coin with the correct year and worth.

Each Mint instance has a year stamp. The update method sets the year stamp of the instance to the present_year class attribute of the Mint class.
The create method takes a subclass of Coin (not an instance!), then creates and returns an instance of that subclass stamped with the Mint's year (which may be different from Mint.present_year if it has not been updated.)
A Coin's worth method returns the cents value of the coin plus one extra cent for each year of age beyond 50. A coin's age can be determined by subtracting the coin's year from the present_year class attribute of the Mint class.

class Mint:
    """A mint creates coins by stamping on years.

    The update method sets the mint's stamp to Mint.present_year.

    >>> mint = Mint()
    >>> mint.year
    2024
    >>> dime = mint.create(Dime)
    >>> dime.year
    2024
    >>> Mint.present_year = 2104  # Time passes
    >>> nickel = mint.create(Nickel)
    >>> nickel.year     # The mint has not updated its stamp yet
    2024
    >>> nickel.worth()  # 5 cents + (80 - 50 years)
    35
    >>> mint.update()   # The mint's year is updated to 2104
    >>> Mint.present_year = 2179     # More time passes
    >>> mint.create(Dime).worth()    # 10 cents + (75 - 50 years)
    35
    >>> Mint().create(Dime).worth()  # A new mint has the current year
    10
    >>> dime.worth()     # 10 cents + (155 - 50 years)
    115
    >>> Dime.cents = 20  # Upgrade all dimes!
    >>> dime.worth()     # 20 cents + (155 - 50 years)
    125
    """
    present_year = 2024

    def __init__(self):
        self.update()

    def create(self, coin):
        return coin(self.year)
    def update(self):
        self.year = Mint.present_year
class Coin:
    cents = None # will be provided by subclasses, but not by Coin itself

    def __init__(self, year):
        self.year = year

    def worth(self):
        return self.cents + max(0, Mint.present_year - self.year - 50)
class Nickel(Coin):
    cents = 5

class Dime(Coin):
    cents = 10

Use Ok to test your code:

python3 ok -q Mint

Check Your Score Locally

You can locally check your score on each question of this assignment by running

python3 ok --score

This does NOT submit the assignment! When you are satisfied with your score, submit the assignment to Gradescope to receive credit for it.

Submit Assignment

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Then, submit this assignment by uploading any files you've edited to the appropriate Gradescope assignment. Lab 00 has detailed instructions.