Starter Files

Download lab05.zip. Inside the archive, you will find starter files for the questions in this lab, along with a copy of the OK autograder.

Cities

Data abstraction is a powerful concept in computer science that allows programmers to treat code as objects --- for example, car objects, chair objects, people objects, etc. That way, programmers don't have to worry about how code is implemented --- they just have to know what it does.

Data abstraction mimics how we think about the world. For example, when you want to drive a car, you don't need to know how the engine was built or what kind of material the tires are made of. You just have to know how to turn the wheel and press the gas pedal.

An abstract data type consists of two types of functions:

• Constructors: functions that build the abstract data type.
• Selectors: functions that retrieve information from the data type.

For example, say we have an abstract data type called city. This city object will hold the city's name, and its latitude and longitude. To create a city object, you'd use a constructor like

city = make_city(name, lat, lon)

To extract the information of a city object, you would use the selectors like

get_name(city)
get_lat(city)
get_lon(city)

For example, here is how we would use the make_city constructor to create a city object to represent Berkeley and the selectors to access its information.

>>> berkeley = make_city('Berkeley', 122, 37)
>>> get_name(berkeley)
'Berkeley'
>>> get_lat(berkeley)
122
>>> get_lon(berkeley)
37

Notice that we don't need to know how these functions were implemented. We are assuming that someone else has defined them for us.

It's okay if the end user doesn't know how functions were implemented. However, the functions still have to be defined by someone. We'll look into defining the constructors and selectors later in this discussion.

Question 1: Distance

We will now use those selectors to write distance, which computes the distance between two city objects. Recall that the distance between two coordinate pairs, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) can be found by calculating the sqrt of (x1 - x2)**2 + (y1 - y2)**2. We have already imported sqrt for your convenience, so use that and the appropriate selectors to fill in the function.

from math import sqrt
def distance(city_1, city_2):
    """
    >>> city1 = make_city('city1', 0, 1)
    >>> city2 = make_city('city2', 0, 2)
    >>> distance(city1, city2)
    1.0
    """

    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    
    lat_1, lon_1 = get_lat(city_1), get_lon(city_1)
    lat_2, lon_2 = get_lat(city_2), get_lon(city_2)
    return sqrt((lat_1 - lat_2)**2 + (lon_1 - lon_2)**2)

Toggle Solution

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q distance

Question 2: Closer city

Implement closer_city, a function that takes a latitude, longitude, and two cities, and returns the name of the city that is relatively closer to the provided latitude and longitude.

You may only use selectors and constructors (introduced above) for this question. You may also use the distance function defined above. Remember, the point of data abstraction, as we've said, is that we do not need to know how an abstract data type is implemented, but rather just how we can interact with and use the data type.

def closer_city(lat, lon, city1, city2):
    """ Returns the name of either city1 or city2, whichever is closest
        to coordinate (lat, lon).

        >>> berkeley = make_city('Berkeley', 37.87, 112.26)
        >>> stanford = make_city('Stanford', 34.05, 118.25)
        >>> closer_city(38.33, 121.44, berkeley, stanford)
        'Stanford'
        >>> bucharest = make_city('Bucharest', 44.43, 26.10)
        >>> vienna = make_city('Vienna', 48.20, 16.37)
        >>> closer_city(41.29, 174.78, bucharest, vienna)
        'Bucharest'
    """
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    return <REPLACE THIS>
    new_city = make_city('arb', lat, lon)
    dist1 = distance(city1, new_city)
    dist2 = distance(city2, new_city)
    if dist1 < dist2:
         return get_name(city1)
    return get_name(city2)

Toggle Solution

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q closer_city

Question 3: Closer City Abstraction

Run the following ok test to make sure that you are using abstraction barriers correctly! You should not need to change your code from the previous question to pass this test.

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q check_abstraction

Politician

Question 4

For this question, let's combine ADTs and dictionaries! Let's try to make an ADT that represents a politician. The politician ADT has a constructor make_politician. There are three selectors, get_name, get_party, and get_age. When implementing an ADT, you have the freedom to choose how you want to represent it. Some common data structures used to represent ADTs are lists and dictionaries. The city ADT was implemented using a list. Now, let's use dictionaries to implement our politician ADT. You must use a dictionary for this question, or else you will not pass the tests.

Toggle Solution

Use OK to test your code:

python3 ok -q make_politician
python3 ok -q get_pol_name
python3 ok -q get_party
python3 ok -q get_age

Submission

When you are done, submit your file to Gradescope. You only need to upload the following files:

• lab05.py

You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the final submission will be graded. It is your responsibility to check that the autograder on Gradescope runs as expected after you upload your submission.